Recent advances in wearable ultrasound technologies have demonstrated the potential for hands-free data acquisition, but technical barriers remain as these probes require wire connections, can lose track of moving targets and create data-interpretation challenges.
We thank Z. Wu, W. Qiu and X. Tian for guidance on the ultrasonic sensor and circuit design; A. Abdal for helping with mechanical simulation; and J. Li for sensor fabrication. The material was partially based on research sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory under agreement number FA8650-18-2-5402. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes, notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon.
Muyang Lin, Xiaoxiang Gao, Yizhou Bian, Ray S. Wu, Geonho Park, Zhiyuan Lou, Xiangchen Xu, Wentong Yue, Lu Yin, Hongjie Hu, Hao Huang, Amer Yaghi, Yimu Chen, Yusheng Lei, Ruotao Wang, Joseph Wang & Sheng XuMaterials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USAM.Y.L.
, Pulse-echo response and bandwidth of the probes with three frequencies. The full width at half maximum is labeled to show the axial resolution of each probe. The 2 MHz, 4 MHz and 6 MHz can achieve 604 μm, 333 μm and 229 μm resolution, respectively. Three probes could achieve a relative bandwidth of ~50% to their center frequencies at -3 dB., The pulse-echo response of a commercial ultrasound probe with a center frequency of 3 MHz, which could achieve a relative bandwidth of 42.3%.
, Block diagram and signal transmission lines between the functional modules. The control circuit includes two parts: the AFE and the wireless DAQ module. The AFE consists of a multiplexer , a transmit/receive switch , a receiver, a sequencer, and a pulse generator. The DAQ module consists of a microcontroller with an on-chip analog-to-digital convertor , and a Wi-Fi transmitter. The dashed lines are for digital signal transmission and the solid lines are for analog signal transmission.
, The images used for validation including ideal carotid artery images and compromised images ., The receiver operating characteristic curves validated on 460 ideal images, suggesting the best model VGG13 has an area under the curve value of 100%., The receiver operating characteristic curves validated on 460 images with a mix of ideal and compromised images, suggesting the best model VGG13 has an area under the curve value of 99.4%., Photographs showing the participant performing HIIT.
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