Advances in nasal delivery of antibiotics Antibiotic Bacteria DrugDelivery Respiratory
Antibiotics are substances that act against bacteria to prevent or treat infectious diseases. Notably, the overuse of antibiotics contributes to the growing bacterial resistance. Consequently, oral administration of antibiotics has been prevalent and preferred. Nevertheless, oral administration could result in adverse effects upon systemic distribution.
Nasal drug delivery mechanism The nasal cavity is primarily used to treat the upper respiratory tract illnesses such as nasal/lung infections, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and congestion. The meatus is the best region for local treatment as it is connected to sinus openings. Any locally acting drug requires a longer residence time, and smaller doses could be used for direct administration at the site of action.
Limitations of nasal administration Nasal mucociliary clearance limits the drug residence time in the nasal cavity and reduces drug permeability through the nasal mucosa. Besides, enzymatic degradation and transporter proteins are significant barriers to drug bioavailability. Efflux systems and transporters are crucial for drug absorption and distribution into the CNS and systemic circulation. Additionally, several enzymes in the nasal passages impact drug metabolism.
Optimization of intranasal antibiotic administration Quality by design is a knowledge- and risk-based tool for quality management in pharmaceutical development. The QbD methodology includes examining the quality target product profiles , identifying critical quality attributes of the products, and risk assessment .
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