Biological Sex Differences: Key to Understanding Long COVID?

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Biological Sex Differences: Key to Understanding Long COVID?
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New evidence continues to suggest a complicated link between sex hormone fluctuation and immune dysfunction in long COVID.

Letícia Soares was infected with COVID-19 in April 2020, in the final year of postdoctoral studies in disease ecology at a Canadian University. What started with piercing migraines and severe fatigue in 2020 soon spiraled into a myriad of long COVID symptoms: Gastrointestinal issues, sleep problems, joint and muscle pain, along with unexpected menstrual changes.and its usual signs, she later suffered from severe periods and symptoms that worsened her long COVID condition.

Pollack noted that reproductive symptoms are prevalent across a group of infection-associated chronic illnesses she studies, all of which disproportionately affect women. These associated conditions, traditionally studied in isolation, share pathologies like reproductive health concerns, signaling a need for focused research on their shared mechanisms.

Some cells still express genes from the "inactivated genes" on the X chromosome, Iwasaki said. Those include key immune genes, which trigger a more robust response to infections and vaccinations but also predispose them to autoimmune reactions. "It comes at the cost of triggering too much immune response," Iwasaki said.

However, patients and advocates say it's also important to consider socioeconomic factors in the trans community.

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