Detection of filoviruses by the innate immune system MDPIOpenAccess StJude Filovirus InateImmuneSystem ImmuneSystem
By Bhavana KunkalikarDec 1 2022Reviewed by Aimee Molineux In a recent study published in Pathogens, researchers examined how the innate immune system detects filoviruses.
Sensing components of the innate immune system The innate immune system has developed the capability to recognize and react to danger- or damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns to protect against infections and cellular disturbances. Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors like membrane-bound toll-like receptors , C-type lectin receptors , NOD-like receptors , and cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I -like receptors detect DAMPs and PAMPs.
IFN signaling and RIG-I-like Receptors Some RLRs are observed in the nucleus, although most RLRs are found in the cytoplasm. RIG-I, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 , and melanoma differentiation-associated factor 5 are the three discovered RLRs in humans. MDA5 and RIG-I possess two N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domains , a C-terminal domain , and two DExD/H box RNA helicase domains, while LGP2 is devoid of a CARD.
Apoptosis Apoptosis is a crucial cell death process for regulating cell homeostasis. It does not destroy cells or liberate intracellular substances but causes widespread membrane blebbing and contraction. Either the intrinsic or the extrinsic mechanisms can initiate apoptosis. In response to mitochondrial disturbances, intrinsic apoptosis is characterized by the development of an apoptosome, including apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 , cytochrome c, and caspase-9.
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