Salmonella typhimurium's infection mechanism involves gut bioelectric signals, influencing its localization and interactions within the intestinal environment.
By Pooja Toshniwal PahariaReviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc.Sep 5 2024 Salmonella uses gut bioelectricity to find entry points for infection, study reveals. A recent study in Nature Microbiology investigated how Salmonella typhimurium targets the gut epithelium and localizes to the follicle-associated epithelium of the small intestine.
Salmonella bacteria can sense and respond to environmental cues like temperature and pH, allowing them to "switch on" their infectious behavior when they reach the optimal conditions inside the human gut. This adaptability helps them survive in a wide range of environments before they even reach the intestine.About the study In the present study, researchers explored how intestinal pathogens like S. Typhimurium use galvanotaxis to find gut invasion sites.
Researchers used time-lapse recording to perform bacterial galvanotaxis. They measured net outward currents in the follicle-associated epithelium and net inward currents in the surrounding villi. They used the voltage-sensitive dye DiBAC4 to determine whether the FAE and villi have different Vms. They assessed TEP by inserting glass microelectrodes into the FAE and villi of the ex vivo mouse caecum model.
Results In the ex vivo mouse caecum model, Salmonella typhimurium localizes to the follicle-associated epithelium without chemotaxis. The FAE polarizes with a persistent outward current and a low transepithelial potential. The adjacent villus depolarizes with a high transepithelial potential and an inward electric current from electrolyte uptake. S. Typhimurium moves toward the FAE by different electrical potentials, whereas Escherichia coli binds to the villi via galvanotaxis.
The S. Typhimurium recovery rate was almost five times that of the E. coli from the FAE. The flagellar mutant had a 20-fold poorer recovery than the wild type. This shows the importance of flagella in congregating at the FAE.
Bacteria E. Coli Ex Vivo Flagella Food In Vitro Microbiology Salmonella Typhimurium Small Intestine Villi
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