Teachers may unwittingly reward students exhibiting traditionally female behaviour, such as quietness and neatness, which makes life easier for the teachers, the researchers suggest.
The researchers, based at the University of Trento, began their work based on test results which revealed an inconsistency between standardised exam grades and those awarded by teachers.
The standardised tests were set nationally and marked anonymously, while the classroom exams were set in the classroom and marked by their teachers. But the teachers put the girls ahead in both subjects. The girls' average grade in language was 6.6 out of 10, while the boys got 6.2. In maths, the average for the girls was 6.3, while the boys averaged 5.9 - below the pass mark of 6.
They also considered the characteristics of the teachers, such as how experienced they were and their gender.
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