Global study reveals diet's role in 70% of new type 2 diabetes cases Diabetes Diet Type2Diabetes DietaryFactors GlobalBurden PublicHealth Nutrition HealthcarePlanning T2DIncidence GlycemicLoad ProcessedMeat WholeGrainIntake NatureMedicine
By Neha MathurApr 19 2023Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. In a recent study published in the journal Nature Medicine, researchers used a novel risk assessment model to estimate absolute and proportional burdens of new type 2 diabetes cases globally among adults in 184 countries, especially direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors, separately and jointly.
The incidence of T2D has only increased globally in the past 40 years and is on the rise continuously; if left unchecked, T2D will deteriorate human health and economic productivity even further, thus exerting immense pressure on healthcare systems worldwide. They made these estimates using dietary data from the Global Dietary Database for adults in 184 countries. The team presented the absolute change in the proportional burden of T2D attributable to suboptimal diet and each risk factor between 1990 and 2018 globally stratified by world region.
The researchers used proportional multiplication to estimate the burden due to a suboptimal diet, assuming that 50% benefit of whole-grain intake is due to substituting it with refined wheat and rice intake. They modeled the effects of refined rice and wheat intake separately but combined this using proportional multiplication.
The researchers noted marked heterogeneity in T2D incidence due to an overall suboptimal diet and individual dietary factors at the country level and worldwide. In addition, they observed an inverse correlation between diet-attributable T2D incidence and age. However, the absolute T2D burden, assessed per million population, was highest at middle age, i.e., between 45 and 60 years, indicating an interplay between variations in dietary habits vs. absolute T2D risk at varying ages.
The diet-attributable T2D incidence was higher in men vs. women, for individuals with higher vs. lower education, and in urban vs. rural settings; however, in high-income countries, Central Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe, its diet-attributable T2D incidence was higher in less educated people. In populous countries, e.g., Poland and Russia, excessive unprocessed red & processed meat and potato intake mainly drove relatively higher T2D burdens.
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