Researchers discuss the regulatory roles of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in modulating immune responses.
By Vijay Kumar MalesuAug 21 2023Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. In a recent review published in Cellular and Molecular Immunology, researchers discuss the regulatory roles of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in modulating immune responses, particularly in the context of autoimmune inflammation and chronic infection.
Pathogens also utilize glycans to promote infections, a mechanism that is often utilized during vaccine development. Glycans can dictate self from non-self, thus explaining some microbial strategies and autoimmune reactions. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to elucidate how glycans and GBPs impact immune responses to understand their role in inflammation and infection.
N-linked glycoproteins constitute a significant portion of this modification and are essential for cellular balance. Comparatively, O-linked glycoproteins, including mucins, contribute to the diverse functions related to glycosylation. C-type lectins primarily recognize specific sugars to control both innate and adaptive immunity. Galectins, which are widely found in immune cells, interact with specific sugar structures on cell surfaces, thus influencing various functions ranging from endocytosis to signaling. These proteins can regulate both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory responses.
Eukaryotic cells, such as fungi, possess ER and Golgi glycosylation machinery, with their N-glycome resembling that of mammalian cells. Host GBPs, including dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin and Dectin-1, recognize specific glycan structures in fungi. For example, glycan recognition during Candida albicans infection influences human DC responses.
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