How does SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination impact human immune memory? Coronavirus Disease COVID ImmuneResponse SARSCoV2 antibodies memoryBcells memoryTcells AllergyEaaci MonashUni
By Nidhi Saha, BDSSep 7 2022Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. The severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 of the Coronaviridae family is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic that has caused more than 6.5 million deaths from over 600 million recorded infections.
Most people who contract SARS-CoV-2 experience mild respiratory symptoms. However, patients with pre-existing comorbidities, such as chronic obstructive respiratory disorder , obesity, asthma, and immunocompromised individuals, are at a greater risk of severe COVID-19. For example, those with increased ACE2 expression or impaired immune function exhibit higher viral loads, infectivity, and poor viral control.
Thus, the cells of the adaptive immune system allow for the development of immunologic memory, comparable to the innate immune response that does not have the capacity for memory. The cells responsible for this subsequent response are memory B-cells and memory T-cells . Compared to B-cell analysis, the assessment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells is more challenging, as they only recognize a peptide fragment of the original antigen. Thus, researchers will use different assays to detect antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells.
The circulation of Bmem has also been used to assess the trajectory of COVID-19. Early in SARS-CoV-2 infection, Bmem typically expresses immunoglobulin M and subsequently shifts towards CD21 expression. Immune response to vaccination Adenoviral vector and messenger ribonucleic acid COVID-19 vaccines rapidly developed following the onset of the pandemic and subsequently received approval in many nations worldwide. These two types of COVID-19 vaccines were designed to produce both humoral and cellular responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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