How the brain controls bloodflow during sleep PNASNews
Researchers led by Director Kim Seong-Gi of the Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research within the Institute for Basic Science, South Korea, recently discovered the secrets behind this phenomenon. It was discovered that a type of inhibitory neuron called"parvalbumin neuron" secretes material called"substance P" that is responsible for vasodilation and control of blood flow to the brain.
Vascular responses to the activation of PV neurons were measured by wide-field optical imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging . In addition, to identify the role of the PV neurons on blood flow under anesthesia, the researchers used ketamine/xylazine to put the animals to sleep. The results showed that in lightly anesthetized animals, stimulation of PV neurons induced vasoconstriction and a decline in blood flow. This was followed by a slow vasodilation and an increase in blood flow from 20 seconds up to a minute after cessation of stimulation. On the other hand, in active animals, the PV neuron activity only resulted in a reduction of blood flow.
Furthermore, the researchers also discovered the mechanism behind the observed slow vasodilation after optogenetic stimulation. When the PV neurons are activated, it inhibits the nearby excitatory neurons, which causes vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow. At the same time, it was found that these PV neurons release a peptide called"substance P," which is responsible for the observed slow vasodilation.
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