The three ages of the ancient world — Stone, Bronze, and Iron — encompass the formative years of human history in most regions. Learn how we went from dwelling in caves to building civilizations over millions of years.
Partitioning history into multiple ages has helped us comprehend human developments and events throughout time, but what decides when one age transitions to the next? It turns out that the answer isn’t so clear-cut. Civilizations across the ancient world progressed at varying rates, complicating the task of drawing a clean divide between ages.
The move from stone to bronze to iron makes for a useful synopsis of prehistory, but in truth, these ages require a bit more attention to truly understand their importance.Out of the three ages, the Stone Age covers the widest spread of time by far. Its nebulous starting point may cause confusion; the beginning of this age correlates with the earliest evidence of archaic humans using stone tools.
The unprecedented expansion of civilizations didn’t come without violence, however. Organized warfare became a bloody yet effective way of strengthening a city-state with acquired resources and territory. Iron is not as durable as bronze, and it is more difficult to smelt, but its abundance made it a worthy replacement; shortages of tin and the dismantling of established trade networks meant bronze was no longer the most efficient material for tools.
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