Insight into the Skin Microbiome Skin Microbiome SkinMicrobiome
Composition – extrinsic factors The skin is home to a world of microbes, living mostly as commensals . They play a part in human health and disease, and their composition and functions are modulated by various factors.
The skin hosts an array of microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites, in different ecological niches. Some scientists estimate that the skin microbiota is more diverse than that of the gut. Shifts in the composition and relative abundance of these microbes occur in response to external and internal factors, that can cause infection and poor wound healing.
The microbiome also shifts with age, as the skin changes its characteristics. Some previously abundant genera like Actinobacteria decline, while others like Cutibacteria, increase. Within genera, different species become predominant, such as Malassezia furfur and M. restricta in children and young adults, respectively.Composition – extrinsic factors The skin microbiome also depends on the environment.
In early life, the regulatory T cells accumulate in the skin, promoting tolerance to skin commensals but not pathogens. This leads to a normal non-inflammatory T cell response to skin microbiota that improves skin barrier function. This is called homeostatic immunity. The skin microbiota uses direct and indirect defense mechanisms to limit or prevent the growth of pathogens. These include competitive inhibition by commensals.
Several pathways are mediated by commensals to fine-tune the immune response to the presence of bacteria on the skin, differentiating pathogens from commensals to provide an appropriate immune response. One such is the presence of Toll-like receptors that take part in skin immunosurveillance.
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