A study that utilised statistical analyses of arm joints preserved in fossils reports that the propatagium may have first evolved in the non-avian dinosaurs. The findings are published in Zoological Letters.
C, D). Thus, at least the soft tissue spreading from the forearm is distinguishable from the other parts and likely represent the soft tissue comparable to the propatagium, although the possibility that a part of the soft tissue along the upper arm corresponds to the trunk tissues cannot be excluded.In this study, we analyzed modes of preservation of forelimb postures in articulated fossils.
Statistical analyses demonstrated that elbow-joint angles preserved in fossils of crown birds are smaller than those preserved in fossils of non-dinosaurian diapsids. The presence of the propatagium in the crown birds represents the major difference between these two categories.
Based on this relationship between the presence of the propatagium and the elbow-joint angles preserved in fossils, the presence of the propatagium can be inferred in non-avian dinosaurs, which are phylogenetically bracketed by the crown birds and non-dinosaurian diapsids, even if there is no indication of soft tissue in the fossils. It can be safely said that species with preserved elbow-joint angles within the interquartile range of non-dinosaurian diapsids did not possess the propatagium.
On the basis of this indicator, we mapped the fossil taxa lacking the propatagium onto the phylogenetic framework, along with the taxa showing soft-tissue preservations of putative propatagia (
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