Popular Theory Debunked: Scientists Identify Unexpected Drivers Behind Giraffes’ Long Necks

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Popular Theory Debunked: Scientists Identify Unexpected Drivers Behind Giraffes’ Long Necks
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A Penn State study suggests that giraffes’ long necks may have evolved due to the high nutritional needs of females, who require deep foraging into trees for food. While the “necks-for-sex” hypothesis posits that male competition drove neck length evolution, findings show females have proportionally longer necks. This research, published in Mammalian Biology, highlights the importance of conserving giraffe habitats to support their unique ecological needs.

“The necks-for-sex hypothesis predicted that males would have longer necks than females,” said Doug Cavener, Dorothy Foehr Huck and J. Lloyd Huck Distinguished Chair in Evolutionary Genetics and professor of biology at Penn State and lead author of the study. “And technically they do have longer necks, but everything about males is longer; they are 30% to 40% bigger than females.

In adult giraffes, the researchers found that females have proportionally longer necks and trunks — or the main section of their body, which does not include legs or the neck and head. Adult males, on the other hand, have longer forelegs and wider necks. This pattern was the same in both captive and wild giraffes.

“Interestingly, giraffes are one of few animals whose height we measure to the top of the head — like humans — rather than to their withers—the highest part of the back, like in horses and other livestock,” Cavener said. “The female has a proportionally longer axial skeleton — a longer neck and trunk — and are more sloped in appearance, while the males are more vertical.”

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