Pregnant women show unique immune response to COVID-19 Cell Coronavirus Disease COVID TCell Pregnancy JCI_Insight
By Dr. Priyom Bose, Ph.D.Apr 16 2023Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 , which is the causal agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, has claimed more than 6.8 million lives worldwide. It remains imperative to understand the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, particularly in high-risk groups, to formulate better vaccination and treatment strategies.
Related StoriesSevere SARS-CoV-2 infection has been characterized by the presence of blood hypercytokinemia and hyperactivation of innate/adaptive immune responses. Limited studies have been performed on the immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women. Pregnant women are considered to be highly susceptible to COVID-19 due to immunological and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy.
Previous ribonucleic acid sequencing studies have identified differences in the abundance of natural killer , natural killer T , and mucosal-associated invariant T cells between COVID-19 convalescent pregnant and nonpregnant women. Pregnant women who remained asymptomatic or developed mild COVID-19 symptoms have been reported to exhibit higher levels of low-density neutrophils, which has been frequently observed in severely infected COVID-19 patients.
Blood samples were collected from 23 pregnant women with polymerase chain reaction -confirmed COVID-19, 12 of whom developed an acute infection and 14 recovered from infection. Similarly, blood samples of 33 non-pregnant women with COVID-19 were collected, 12 of whom were acutely infected and 14 were convalescent. For the control group, blood samples from 21 healthy pregnant and 42 non-pregnant women who did not have a history of COVID-19 were obtained.
Consistent with previous studies, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in pregnant women was observed post-infection. In the second and third trimesters of a healthy pregnancy, higher frequencies of a CD56+ γδ T-cell subset were observed as compared with nonpregnant women. Higher levels of human leukocyte antigen -DR-expressing γδ T-cells were observed, thus indicating the role of activated γδ T-cells during a normal pregnancy.
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