Scientists build a new vaccine arsenal to eradicate polio ucsf nature
, which is the one most used in the developing world. Oral vaccines use live, weakened virus that occasionally mutates to an active form, leading to outbreaks even in countries believed to have eliminated polio.
The first effective polio vaccines emerged in the 1950s, kicking off massive campaigns to immunize every person, with an emphasis on children. The inactivated polio vaccine , made of dead poliovirus, was given via injection, while the oral polio vaccine , made of weakened poliovirus, was given on a sugar cube or in a candy. Today, IPV is the vaccine of choice in countries with robust healthcare, and OPV—the cheaper, easier-to-administer option—is used otherwise.
While the original, or"wildtype," poliovirus has only been recently detected in Afghanistan and Pakistan, vaccine-derived polio has been detected in countries as far flung as Syria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the U.S. In fact, there have been more cases of vaccine-derived polio than wildtype in recent years, creating an urgency to counter this new source of polio.: a single mutation restores the virus's capacity to migrate from the human gut and into the nervous system.
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