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Tiny ticking atoms are the metric by which we most precisely gauge the passage of time. As they hang suspended in complicated, ultracold webs of magnetism, we probe them with lasers to measure their oscillations back and forth.
An atomic clock, as you can probably imagine, is a complicated machine to build. You need to get a bunch of atoms – in this case, strontium, although cesium and ytterbium are also popular choices – and subject them to certain conditions in order to trap them in place, and measure their oscillations., which heats up solid strontium to produce vapor.
"The mirrors cause the atoms to behave as a single unit. Collectively, they emit a powerful light signal that we can use to read out the atomic state, a crucial step for measuring time,"
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