The implications of pulmonary tissue-resident memory T lymphocytes in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases NatRevImmunol UniMelb TheDohertyInst immunity immunology COVID19 TCell Lymphocyte coronavirus covid
By Pooja Toshniwal PahariaDec 14 2022Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. In a recent review published in Nature Reviews Immunology, researchers elucidated the mechanisms of long-term T lymphocyte lodgement in tissues other than lymphoid tissues and the reasons for the transient residency of specific subsets of tissue-resident memory T lymphocytes.
Archetypical type of TRM lymphocytes and mechanisms in TRM lymphocyte egress from tissues Based on transplantation mismatch experiments, antibody assessments, and antibody labeling infusion in vivo, mice TRM lymphocytes remain after the depletion of circulating T lymphocytes from tissues and comprise the cluster of differentiation 103+ CD8+ T lymphocytes. The CD103+ TRM lymphocytes showed high enrichment in skin epithelium, female reproductive tract, and small intestine.
RUNX3 is critically involved in CD8+ T lymphocyte formation and function. Transforming growth factor-beta is also involved in TRM lymphocyte formation and existence by facilitating tissue entry via selectin upregulation and can regulate several transcription regulators and cytokine-driven survival factors during CD8+ TRM lymphocyte development.
Pulmonary CD103-expressing CD8+ TRM lymphocytes are mature and express TRM lymphocyte-associated transcription factors such as NR4A1 , HOBIT, BHLHE40 , and aryl hydrocarbon receptor .
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What is the prevalence of COVID-19 detection by PCR among deceased individuals in Lusaka, Zambia? A postmortem surveillance studyObjectives To determine the prevalence of COVID-19 postmortem setting in Lusaka, Zambia. Design A systematic, postmortem prevalence study. Setting A busy, inner-city morgue in Lusaka. Participants We sampled a random subset of all decedents who transited the University Teaching Hospital morgue. We sampled the posterior nasopharynx of decedents using quantitative PCR. Prevalence was weighted to account for age-specific enrolment strategies. Interventions Not applicable—this was an observational study. Primary outcomes Prevalence of COVID-19 detections by PCR. Results were stratified by setting (facility vs community deaths), age, demographics and geography and time. Secondary outcomes Shifts in viral variants; causal inferences based on cycle threshold values and other features; antemortem testing rates. Results From 1118 decedents enrolled between January and June 2021, COVID-19 was detected among 32.0% (358/1116). Roughly four COVID-19+ community deaths occurred for every facility death. Antemortem testing occurred for 52.6% (302/574) of facility deaths but only 1.8% (10/544) of community deaths and overall, only ~10% of COVID-19+ deaths were identified in life. During peak transmission periods, COVID-19 was detected in ~90% of all deaths. We observed three waves of transmission that peaked in July 2020, January 2021 and ~June 2021: the AE.1 lineage and the Beta and Delta variants, respectively. PCR signals were strongest among those whose deaths were deemed ‘probably due to COVID-19’, and weakest among children, with an age-dependent increase in PCR signal intensity. Conclusions COVID-19 was common among deceased individuals in Lusaka. Antemortem testing was rarely done, and almost never for community deaths. Suspicion that COVID-19 was the cause of deaths was highest for those with a respiratory syndrome and lowest for individuals |19 years. Data are available upon reasonable request.
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What is the relation between COVID-19 vaccination and new POTS-related diagnoses?What is the relation between COVID-19 vaccination and new POTS-related diagnoses? NatureCVR CedarsSinai BrighamWomens COVID19 coronavirus covid vaccination vaccine diagnosis cardiac cardiology coronavirus
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Brain fog of post-COVID-19 condition and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, same medical disorder? - Journal of Translational MedicineBackground Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is characterized by persistent physical and mental fatigue. The post-COVID-19 condition patients refer physical fatigue and cognitive impairment sequelae. Given the similarity between both conditions, could it be the same pathology with a different precipitating factor? Objective To describe the cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and general symptomatology in both groups, to find out if it is the same pathology. As well as verify if the affectation of smell is related to cognitive deterioration in patients with post-COVID-19 condition. Methods The sample included 42 ME/CFS and 73 post-COVID-19 condition patients. Fatigue, sleep quality, anxiety and depressive symptoms, the frequency and severity of different symptoms, olfactory function and a wide range of cognitive domains were evaluated. Results Both syndromes are characterized by excessive physical fatigue, sleep problems and myalgia. Sustained attention and processing speed were impaired in 83.3% and 52.4% of ME/CFS patients while in post-COVID-19 condition were impaired in 56.2% and 41.4% of patients, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found in sustained attention and visuospatial ability, being the ME/CFS group who presented the worst performance. Physical problems and mood issues were the main variables correlating with cognitive performance in post-COVID-19 patients, while in ME/CFS it was anxiety symptoms and physical fatigue. Conclusions The symptomatology and cognitive patterns were similar in both groups, with greater impairment in ME/CFS. This disease is characterized by greater physical and neuropsychiatric problems compared to post-COVID-19 condition. Likewise, we also propose the relevance of prolonged hyposmia as a possible marker of cognitive deterioration in patients with post-COVID-19.
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The evolution of COVID-19 mortality during 2020 and 2021 in six countriesResearchers analyzed the mortality in selected countries during multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 to understand the evolution of COVID-19-related mortality according to age and sex.
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New Covid variant in UK can infect 3 times as many peopleIt is the same variant that is driving a huge surge in infections across China
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China Reduces COVID Case Reporting as the Virus SurgesAs China relaxes its strict zero-COVID policy, with mass testing no longer obligatory, it has grown more difficult to gauge the true number of cases
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