Brawls over the honesty of online and cable news today owe their origins to World War I and a debate that divides us still
. He found it nearly impossible to reach Americans with his message, distracted as they were by the deluge of information coming from movies, radio, telegrams and newspapers.to deliver passionate, four-minute speeches about the U.S. war effort. They were called the Four Minute Men. The moniker came from the length of time it took to change film reels in early movie theaters, where these speeches were delivered.
It’s no wonder that the anxieties from that period have returned, reigniting century-old culture wars over “fake news” and “media elites.”in 1918, Creel portrayed his team as vanquishers of wartime conspiracy theories, including one false claim of “10,000 Englishmen in Colorado waiting, heavily armed, until all the American forces have gone to France, at which time they will issue from the mountain fastnesses and annex this fair land to the British throne.
Creel’s work also catalyzed the careers of two of the 20th century’s most influential media analysts, men whose wildly different approaches to the problem helped to shape the chaotic media landscape we find ourselves in today. They wereduring the 1950s, planting misinformation in the press. Both men worked for the U.S. government in World War I, dispensing “public information.
Without ever naming Bernays, Lippmann disparaged the rise of the “publicity man,” whom he excoriated as “censor and propagandist, responsible only to his employers.” His implication was clear: Bernays’s work in PR was a continuation of what he had done for the wartime propaganda machine. Ultimately, Lippmann believed that the “publicity man” was a sign of the times, a professional yapper trained by war to turn every kind of message into a weapon.
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