A Greyhound bus used by Freedom Riders in 1961
in Mississippi alleges, too often these funds get funneled into the pockets of wealthy donors through grants rather than going to the poor as intended.”—a stereotype that portrays recipients of government aid as poor, unmarried Black mothers who live lavishly on undeserved financial assistance—has long hindered adequate state funding for the poor.
Mamie Lee Underwood, born in Centreville, Ala., was one of these Reverse Riders. Underwood, her 10 children, and one grandchild had long lived in poverty. The meager $114 of welfare benefits she received each month did little to support her family, and the rigid enforcement of Jim Crow laws in her community ensured that she and her children lacked access to quality education and work.
When Underwood wished to return to Ala., Oakley declared: “We are through with her case. I don’t feel like it’s our responsibility to help her get back.” After the Council denied her assistance, the Cuyahoga County Welfare Department—which had its own vested interest in Underwood’s exit from Cleveland—provided the family bus tickets back to Alabama.
A year later, as the popularity of Citizens’ Councils declined, the reverse freedom ride effort died out. While the campaign ended, the ideas that had sucked white Southerners into paying for the rides up North did not.By the late 20th century, politicians across the country portrayed welfare recipients as burdens upon their communities, whose poverty status made themof local, state, and federal-level care.
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