A recent study offers new ideas about the causes of loneliness.
Loneliness has been linked to multiple emotional and physiological adversities.as “a distressing feeling that accompanies the perception that one’s social needs are not being met by the quantity or especially the quality of one’s social relationships.” Loneliness is a well-knownhas been paid to the potential role of social norm deviation .
As cultural norms differ, those at risk for violating them will differ, too. “Social norms can hence act as cultural moderators in the association between different individual-level characteristics and loneliness.” In this way, the model sheds light on individual differences in loneliness within a given culture as well as cross-cultural variations in loneliness risk factors. Being single, for example, will predict loneliness better in cultures where being partnered is normative.
The model predicts that as cultures change, loneliness correlates will parallel these changes. In other words, if a certain cultural norm shifts, the meaning of deviance from it will change as well. Thishas also found support in the literature. For example, as living alone has become more common among elderly people in the United Kingdom, its relation to loneliness has decreased.
According to the model, deviations from the norm work to bring about loneliness only if the violated norms are meaningful and consequential to the individual. Such deviation may be short-term or chronic . The authors provide evidence of several mechanisms by which deviation from norms may bring about loneliness.This feeling tends to emerge when one is not feeling understood, appreciated, or validated by others.
The model holds promising clinical implications. For one, risk factors for loneliness should be considered in context, as they may differ across cultures. By this model, the question for the clinician and client dealing with loneliness is that of fit:Here, two possible interventions are available. First, we may look to change the client’s behavior to fit better with the norm . Second, we may work to change the norm to be more inclusive so that previously ill-fitting behaviors become normative .
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