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Known as"solar particle events", these blasts of protons directly from the surface of the Sun can shoot out like a searchlight into space.
In the normal state, it functions like a gigantic bar magnet with field lines rising from one pole, looping around, and plunging back down at the other pole, in a pattern sometimes described as an"inverted grapefruit". However, the field changes a great deal over time. In the past century, the north magnetic pole has wandered across northern Canada at a speed of around 40 kilometres per year, and the field has weakened by
Protons are much heavier than electrons and carry more energy so they reach lower altitudes in Earth's atmosphere, exciting gas molecules in the air. However, these excited molecules emit only X-rays, which are invisible to the naked eye.
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