Recent findings on original antigenic sin and SARS-CoV-2 jclinicalinvest ErasmusMC SARSCoV2 coronavirus covid COVID19 evolution immunity
By Neha MathurJan 13 2023Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. In a recent article published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, researchers collated the findings of studies relating original antigenic sin with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 evolution. Furthermore, they showed the impact of this phenomenon on coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes and vaccine design.
Though the memory B and T cells also initiate a response to neoepitopes, B and T cell clones that offer broad protection against previously encountered and related infections are selected on priority by natural selection processes, a phenomenon termed immune imprinting. Immune imprinting progressively narrows immune response toward a new antigen.
Studies have evidenced that the antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike resembles influenza HA, though both bind to different host cell receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and glycans, respectively. Perhaps that distinguishes their speed of evolution and the rate at which emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have incorporated them in their S proteins.
Antibodies eBook Compilation of the top interviews, articles, and news in the last year. Download a free copy Antigenic maps of SARS-CoV-2 variants have revealed that Omicron is currently the most distant lineage from Wuhan-Hu-1. Perhaps, this is why Omicron and its subvariants continue to escape vaccine-induced immunity. Thus, it appears to be one of the most important aspects to consider while designing next-generation universal vaccines against CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2.
On the other hand, hybrid immunity acquired by vaccination and infection raises the overall nAb titers that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron, compared with vaccination. Thus, mild breakthrough infections might offer adequate immune protection against circulating and future SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, relying alone on this protection poses risks for high-risk populations, such as immunocompromised individuals.
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